Indonesian language - Wikipedia. This article is about the official language of Indonesia. For an overview on all languages used in Indonesia, see Languages of Indonesia. Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia. It is a standardizedregister of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries.
Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world. Of its large population, the majority speak Indonesian, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. This term is also occasionally found in English and other languages. History. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): .
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Conseguir 2ª via de Boleto e fatura do cartão Ibi: Passo a Passo. 1º Se você utiliza os cartões Ibi e não recebeu sua fatura, é só entrar no site no endereço. Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia . It is a standardized register of Malay, an Austronesian language that has.
It might be attributed to its ancestor, the Old Malay language (which can be traced back to the 7th century). The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is the oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, the language used by Srivijayan empire. Since the 7th century, the Old Malay language has been used in Nusantara (Indonesian archipelago), evidenced by Srivijaya inscriptions and by other inscriptions from coastal areas of the archipelago, such as those discovered in Java.
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Old Malay as lingua franca. Ultimately, the Old Malay language became a lingua franca and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago. However, it does differ from Malaysian in several respects, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. These differences are due mainly to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian.
Indonesian was also influenced by the Melayu pasar (literally . The question of whether High Malay (Court Malay) or Low Malay (Bazaar Malay) was the true parent of the Indonesian language is still in debate.
High Malay was the official language used in the court of the Johor Sultanate and continued by the Dutch- administered territory of Riau- Lingga, while Low Malay was commonly used in marketplaces and ports of the archipelago. Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language. However, the language had never been dominant among the population of the Indonesian archipelago as it was limited to mercantile activity. The VOC adopted the Malay language as the administrative language of their trading outpost in the east. Following the bankruptcy of the VOC, the Batavian Republic took control of the colony in 1. Dutch began in the colony. Even then, Dutch administrators were remarkably reluctant to promote the use of Dutch compared to other colonial regimes.
Dutch thus remained the language of a small elite: in 1. Dutch. During the era of colonization the language that would become Indonesian absorbed a huge amount of Dutch vocabulary in the form of loanwords. Birth of Indonesian language. However, the rapid disappearance of Dutch was a very unusual case compared to other colonized countries, where the colonial language generally has continued to function as the language of politics, bureaucracy, education, technology, and other important areas for a significant time after independence. The ease with which Indonesia eliminated the language of its former colonial power can perhaps be explained as much by Dutch policy as by Indonesian nationalism, though. In marked contrast to the French, Spanish and Portuguese, who pursued an assimilation colonial policy, or even the British, the Dutch did not attempt to spread their language among the indigenous population.
In fact, they consciously prevented the language from being spread by refusing to provide education, especially in Dutch, to the native Indonesians so they would not come to see themselves as equals. Thus, until the 1. Malay to spread quickly throughout the archipelago. Dutch dominance at that time almost cover all aspects, to the official forums should used the Dutch, although since the Youth Congress (1. Indonesian national language which is one of the tools the pro- independence struggle. As of it, Mohammad Husni Thamrin inveighed actions underestimating Indonesian. After some criticism and protests, the use of Indonesian was allowed since the Volksraad sessions held in July 1.
Three years later, the Indonesians themselves formally abolished the language and established Bahasa Indonesia as the national language of the new nation. On the last pledge, there was an affirmation of Indonesian language as a unifying language throughout the archipelago.
The adoption of Indonesian as the country's national language was in contrast to most other post- colonial states, as neither the language with the most native speakers (in this case, Javanese) nor the language of the former European colonial power (in this case, Dutch) was to be adopted, but one with only a small number of native speakers. In 1. 94. 5 when Indonesia declared its independence and Indonesian was formally declared the national language. In 1. 94. 5, Javanese was easily the most prominent language in Indonesia. It was the native language of nearly half the population, the primary language of politics and economics, and the language of courtly, religious, and literary tradition. With thousands of islands and hundreds of different languages, the newly independent country of Indonesia had to find a national language that could realistically be spoken by the majority of the population and that would not divide the nation by favoring one ethnic group, namely the Javanese, over the others. In 1. 94. 5, Indonesian was already in widespread use.
Over that long period of time, Malay, which would later become Indonesian, was the primary language of commerce and travel. In addition, it was the language used for the propagation of Islam in the 1. Portuguese and Dutch missionaries attempting to convert the indigenous people to Christianity.
Through a language planning program that made Indonesian the language of politics, education, and nation- building in general, Indonesia became one of the few success stories of an indigenous language effectively overtaking that of a country’s colonizers to become the de jure and de facto official language. Today, Indonesian continues to function as the language of national identity as the Congress of Indonesian Youth envisioned, and it also serves as the language of education, literacy, modernization, and social mobility. In a nation that boasts more than 7. Use of the national language is abundant in the media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, among members of the Indonesian upper- class or nobility and also in many other formal situations, although the 2. Indonesian Census shows that only 1. Indonesian at home.
While this is a phenomenon common to most languages in the world (for example, spoken English does not always correspond to written standards), the degree of . This is mostly due to Indonesians combining aspects of their own local languages (e. Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and Chinese) with Indonesian. This results in various . This phenomenon is amplified by the use of Indonesian slang, particularly in the cities.
The most common and widely used colloquial Indonesian is heavily influenced by Betawi language, a Malay- based creole of Jakarta, amplified by its popularity in Indonesian popular culture in mass media and Jakarta's status as the national capital. In informal spoken Indonesian, various words are replaced with those of a less formal nature.
For example, tidak (no) is often replaced with the Javanese nggak or the even simpler gak while seperti (like, similar to) is often replaced with kayak (pronounced kai- yah). Sangat or amat (very), the term to express intensity, is often being replaced with Javanese- influenced banget. As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically pronounced as /e/ and /o/. In informal writing the spelling of words is modified to reflect the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort. For example, capai becomes cape or capek, pakai becomes pake, kalau becomes kalo. In verbs, the prefix me- is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is often retained, as when mengangkat becomes ngangkat (the basic word is angkat).
The suffixes - kan and - i are often replaced by - in. For example, mencarikan becomes nyariin, menuruti becomes nurutin. The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to the Indonesian spoken in Jakarta and its surrounding areas.
Classification and related languages. Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast. Its ancestor, Proto- Malayo- Polynesian, a descendant of the Proto- Austronesian language, began to break up by at least 2. BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean; the Philippines national language, Filipino; and the native language of New Zealander, M. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto- Austronesian language.
There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.
Numbers in Austronesian languages. Language. 12. 34. PAN, c. 4. 00. 0 BCE*isa*Du. Sa*telu*Sepat*lima*enem*pitu*walu*Siwa*puluq. Amiscecaytusatulusepatlimaenempitufalusiwapulu'Rukaiithadrusatulrusupatelrimaenemepituvalrubangatepulruku.
Tsouconiyusotuyus. Dutch made the highest contribution to the language, especially in vocabulary due to the colonization for over 3. Indonesian also receives many of English words as results of globalization and modernization, especially since the 1. Internet's emergence and development until now. The phrase . Printed and broadcast mass media are encouraged to use proper Indonesian, although more relaxed popular slang often prevails. Its regulated in Chapter XV, Constitution of Indonesia 1.
Indonesia. 2. 4/ 2. Indonesian language.